No Class Pets!

Imagine that you are a soft and adorable Guiana pig that was born in a pet store from your captured parents. There, shoppers are banging on the cage window, trying to wake you up and see you running on your hamster wheel, and are screaming â€Å"Look! Cute piggy! † When you are purchased, you are transported to a tight, compact cage, believing thou will finally have some peace and quiet, but instead, every day you must endure even more despicable kindergà ¤rtners. Now, when you were busy imagining that you were that poor Guiana pig, you felt angry and mistreated, right?It s obvious that whether we should have classroom pets or not is a complex issue. While some may believe that class pets are beneficial In some ways, I feel that after researching both sides, It Is clear that there should not be any class pets. There are many disadvantages of having a classroom pet. They will waste too much money and demand a lot of attention. One disadvantage of having a class pet is that pet s aren't for free. In fact, they're very expensive! Guiana pigs may be small, but still have all the characteristics to be worthy of being called a â€Å"living thing.So if one died, its death cannot be called â€Å"smaller† than a human death. Humans cannot underestimate animals because of size. Therefore, they must be fed and given all basic necessities dally, and need to be raised properly. According to â€Å"Does a Guiana Pig Belong In the Classroom? â€Å": â€Å"A teacher must be very involved and dedicated to proper cavy care before the opposite becomes true. † A lack of these needs may result in a free, one- way trip into the void. Also, sick pets must visit the vet, like humans must go see the doctor. Pets die when they become very ill; we can't overestimate them either!But then again, pet go to vet = $$$$$ = not very fun! Reproduction Is also a problem. Andrea Milder-Slater states In the ‘Cons' section: â€Å"If you have a male and female hamster, r abbit, or fish, are you prepared for babies? Will you spay or neuter your larger pets? † Spay or neuter = Spend even more of your dear green paper and metal coins on more class pets! 6 pets= 6 times more resources= 6 times more money! While some may say that yes, there is one more solution, it is no better than spaying r neutering: let them have the babies, and then support them all. But if Bob and Gabrielle the Guiana pigs have 6 babies, uh Oh!Will the class even be able to afford to keep all 9 Guiana pigs alive? Or will they enjoy the prospect of using more money on this? In addition to large costs, class pets need a lot of attention. Can at least one pair of eyes be provided to watch the class pets at every second? They must be supervised at all times. This includes all breaks, weekends and holidays. What would the pets be doing when the students had summer vacation? They might starve to death because no one fed them while their owner was having a nice relaxing trip to Lass Vegas, gambling and sightseeing, totally forgetting about them?After all, if there actually was someone there, would any crimes have happened to the pets? Additionally, â€Å"Does a Guiana Pig Belong in the Classroom† tells us that a Guiana pig class pet â€Å"cannot simply be a decoration. A Guiana pig needs petting and interaction every single day. She also needs daily â€Å"floor time† to run around and explore. This includes weekends†¦ † Also, class pets must be safe at school overnight. You must take mom your class pet at these times to ensure their safety, since there might not be students when they are interacting with the class pet.Children might be too rough with it, or be frightened and drop it. These things might result in the class pet's demise. Numerous crimes have occurred to pets when nobody was with them. For example, â€Å"Say ‘No' to Class ‘Pets† states: â€Å"A snake was stolen from his classroom enclosure and cooked alive inside a school's microwave,† and â€Å"a lamb was stolen from a school agriculture building, spray-pained, duct-taped to the outside of the building, ND left alone overnight in freezing temperatures. † This means that those ‘pets' didn't receive the attention that they required.In addition, article â€Å"Say ‘No' to Class ‘Pets† says : â€Å"Once at a student's home, may classroom â€Å"pets† are ignored and deprived of both human contact and appropriate companions of their own species. Students who do not understand the responsibility and time that animal companions require may neglect to fill water bottles, provide food, or clean cages. † While some may think that bringing the pet home is very easy to do, the parents or families of the students, Hough, may find the pet extremely annoying or may refuse to accept or take care of them.After reviewing the provided sources, I believe that it is clear we shouldn't have class pet s. It is clear that banning them is the best option. In the future, we should really think about whether we should make another life suffer Just for students' â€Å"education† Really, it would Just be better not to have a class pet, as the famous class pet equation is: â€Å"Class pets = money = more money = much more money + make another life suffer! †

Numismatics – Gupta Coins

Introduction The story of coins is interwoven with the history of mankind. To trace its story, one has to look back to the remote past. When people settled in localities and the communities grew in size, the exchange of products became a necessity; then the mutual exchange of things took the shape of trade and the system of barter was evolved. In course of time, certain commodities got preference over others and a higher value was attached to them. They assumed the character of a medium of exchange and got a standard by which the value of other things was estimated. Thus emerged the notion of the unit of value. This was the first step towards the evolution of coinage. The reconstruction of ancient Indian history necessitates the importance of archaeological evidences of a particular period. Amongst the various archaeological sources the numismatical evidences are of prime importance. ‘Numismatics’ is generally known as ‘the study of old coins’ which are used for the reconstruction of ancient Indian history. The reign of the Guptas in Indian history is a fascinating one. As a matter of fact, it saw a prosperous and plentiful life. Towards the beginning of the 4th century A. D. , the dynasty of the Gupta emperors rose out of a small principality, situated somewhere in Eastern Uttar Pradesh or Bihar; and it lasted for more than two centuries. The founder of the dynasty was Sri Gupta. It was the most renowned, prosperous, ever progressing and self sufficient dynasty in ancient Indian history. This dynasty produced emperors of class who not only expanded and consolidated the political power of India but also administered excellent economic and administrative techniques which led to happy social living during their reign. As compared to the empire of the Mauryas, the Gupta empire was less extensive, but more enduring than that of the Mauryas. This period of the Guptas is known as ‘the classical age of Indian history’ because this period witnessed the growth of arts and sciences in all the conceivable branches of learning. Almost all Gupta rulers issued their own coins. The coins of the Gupta rulers are very useful for the reconstruction of their history. Features of the Gupta Coins The Gupta coins had certain remarkable features; which were originally an idea of the Guptas themselves. These features were more or less similar throughout the rule of different Gupta emperors. The coins are classified into 4 groups:- Gupta gold coins Gupta silver coins Gupta copper coins Gupta lead coins The Gupta emperor chiefly issued gold coins. They issued them in such a large number that a contemporary poet has rightly termed the phenomenon as â€Å"_a reign of gold_†. The earlier gold coins of the Guptas were deeply influenced by the coinage of the later Kushanas. But the later Gupta coinage show more superiority in their execution, and they are considerably original in their style. The influence of the Kushana coins on the early coins of the Guptas is seen especially in their dress and posture as depicted on their coins. For e. g. the early coins of the Guptas show the standing king at the altar. This is very much similar in pose and posture of the kings as shown of the Kushana coins. The king on these coins is seen wearing the Kushana long coat and trouser of the Kushana pattern or replace by Indian dhoti and form was changed as the king is shown bare- bodied. The Guptas retained the method of placing the name of the king perpendicularly in Chinese fashion on the left hand. They placed the circular Brahmi inscription around the king. On the reverse side of the early coins of the Gupta rulers, Greek goddess Ardokshowas retained. Gradually, this pattern was changed, and Lakshmi, an Indian goddess with a lotus in her hand is depicted on the coin. On some coins she is shown seated on a throne and on some others seated on a lotus. The archer type coins of the Guptas are the most commonly issued coins by all the rulers of the Gupta dynasty. These coins generally show the king holding a bow in his left hand. Sometimes the king also holds an arrow in his right hand. Another remarkable feature of these coins was the use of significant symbols and accompaniments like trees, alters, tulsi plant, dwarf, garuda, bows and arrows, animals like tiger, lion, horse, elephant, peacock, etc. These elements added more meaning to the coins and also reflected the artistic approach of the Guptas. Another interesting feature was the variety and sub- variety found in each type of coin issued by the different emperors. Also the debasement of the silver metal was an interesting and innovative feature which reflected the development of science in this age. Also, the art of writing which is depicted by the legends inscribed on these coins show that the literature of that period was at its peak and Sanskrit was a well researched language. Thus, the use of Sanskrit and the art of calligraphy marked an important feature of the Gupta coins. Coins of Samudragupta Samudragupta ruled from 335 A. D to 380 A. D. The title ‘Samudragupta’ meant that he was protected by the sea up to which his dominion extended. He was famous for his campaigns and conquests which earned him the title of ‘_Indian Napoleon_’. He expanded the Gupta Empire in all spheres from political, economical to cultural aspects. Samudragupta inaugurated a new idea in the history of Indian numismatics. He issued as many as 8 different types of coins in pure gold. He learnt the technique of minting coins from the foreign rulers who brought the techniques with them and then he added his own creative sensibilities and thereby evolved an indigenous pattern of coins which was acclaimed to be the best coins. Standard Type It is the earliest and the most common type of the Gupta coins. On the obverse the king is shown standing. A halo can be seen around his head. The dress like coat and trousers recall the Kushana influence. He is also seen wearing a long, rope necklace and earrings. He holds a standard in his left hand and sprinkles incense on the altar with his right hand. Besides the altar there is a garuda. The word Samudragupta is engraved on it along with a legend in the honour of the king. On the reverse, goddess Lakshmi is shown. She is seated on a throne, has ornaments and is seen holding a cornucopia- a symbol of fertility and prosperity. Her feet rest on a lotus. The legend of Parakrama is inscribed on the reverse side of these coins. Chandragupta Type The name of these coins is Chandragupta type because on the observe we see Chandragupta I and his queen Kumaradevi. This type is also called as Dynastic King and Queen Type. A halo is seen around the king’s head. He is holding a staff. On the left is the legend, Kumaradevi or Shrikumaradevi. On the reverse, goddess Durga is seated on a lion holding a cornucopia in her left hand and a lotus in the right hand. The legend is ‘_licchavi_’, it suggest of a special honour in which licchavi was placed by Samudragupta. He takes pride in his inscription to proclaim Licchavi Dauhitra. Archer Type Coins of the Archer Type of Samudragupta are very rare. They are frequently mistaken for the common Archer Type coins of Chandragupta II. From a study of their design, style, and fabric – it's apparent that these coins were struck during the early stages of Gupta Empire while the mint masters were still trying to refine the styling and design. King Samudragupta is shown as a young man on all of the coins of this type (as compared to coins of the Lyrist type where he is shown as an older person). These coins were most definitely struck during the early stage of his campaign to conquer majority of the neighbouring Kingdoms to unite them under a new unified Empire – the start of what was to finally become the magnificent Gupta Empire. On the observe, the king is shown standing. He holds a bow in his left hand and an arrow in his right hand. A garuda standard is on his left. The reverse shows a seated Lakshmi. Battle Axe Type Usually, these coins are found in much worn condition. During Samudragupta’s early reign, while he was conquering all of the kingdoms from the North to the South, East and West, this type of coin must have been a very popular form of advertising the King's prowess and an excellent way to send a message to the unconquered regions of the upcoming siege. The Allahabad Pillar Inscription does not contain the description of Samudragupta as Kritantaparasuh, Battle-axe of the God of Death, although the epithet is invariably applied to him in later official documents. This type obviously celebrates Samudragupta’s many successful battles and showcases his military might. In this coin type, he holds a battle axe in place of a standard with one hand and his other hand is usually on his waist. In place of an altar (as shown on the Standard Type), there is a dwarf holding a crescent-topped banner. The circular legend on the obverse is Kritanataparasur-jayatya jita rajajetajitah; it describes the irresistible prowess of the emporer and states that ‘Victorious is the conquerer of unconquered kings, himself invincible as a veritable battle-axe of the God of Death' Tiger Slayer Type At the height of his power, Samudragupta now starts living the Royal life and his coins depict his Royal Stature for the populace. This coin is very unique in its style – for the first time in Indian history a coin shows a king as a brave and powerful king, killing the powerful Tiger. On the observe the King is standing on the left, wearing ceremonial turban and dhoti, drawing his bow and aiming at an open mouthed tiger which rears up in front of him as he tramples on it, legend Vyaghraparakramah at right, crescent above lion's head. On the reverse Raja Samudraguptah, in field right, the goddess Ganga standing on the left, on an elephant-headed fish (makara), she holds a long-stemmed lotus in left hand, her empty right hand is outstretched and a crescent topped standard decked with ribbons is in field. The progressive change is seen on these coins with regard to the design, execution and content. There is no trace of foreign influence. Asvamedha Type The Asvamedha coins of Samudragupta are probably one of most beautifully executed coin designs in all of Indian numismatics. The Asvamedha ceremony or horse sacrifice was a way for Samudragupta to celebrate the victories of his conquests of Northern, Western and Southern India. These coins were probably handed out as commemorative tokens during this hold ceremony and were probably not used as part of commerce. This may be the reason that Asvamedha coins discovered 2000 years later are still in good condition. This particular coin is a very rare variety of the Asvamedha type. The Queen is shown in the reverse as a Pregnant Queen. On the observe, A beautiful rendition of the horse, tied to a yupa, the letter si (short for siddham). Horse standing on the platform vedi. Penons of cloth flying from the top of _the yupa over the horse. Circular Legend: Rajadirajah pritvimavitva divam _jayatayahritavajimedhah (The King of Kings, who had performed the Vajimedha (Asvamedha) sacrifice, wins heaven after protecting (or conquering) the earth). On the reverse, Pregnant Queen (Queen Dattadevi) shown standing next to Yupa, holding a Chauri in hand and standing on a Lotus. Asvamedhaparakramah (One powerful enough to perform the Asvamedha Sacrifice). Lyrist Type On the observe, the king is shown sitting over a couch keeping a veena on his lap. He has only a waist cloth with big earrings and a necklace. The legend Mahadhiraja Sri Samudragupta is seen. The reverse of the coin depicts a goddess standing. Samudragupta’s personal accpomplishments as a musician is fully confirmed in this coin. The goddess, therefore, must be Saraswati as she is the muse for music in Indian Mythology. The Tiger Slayer and Lyrist type are the best specimens of Samudragupta’s coins with regard to his non- regal activities. With these coins, we can say that India had set her standard in the science of Art and Minting. Kacha Type On the observe, the king is shown standing, holding a standard which has a chakra on the top of it. He sprinkles incense on the altar. The legend reads, kacha after conquering the earth, conquers heaven by means of good deeds. On the reverse, goddess Lakshmi is shown standing. She holds both a lotus and a cornucopia. The legend reads, the exterminator of all kings. Coins of Chandragupta II Archer type This is the most common type coin. The observe shows the king holding a bow and arrow, while he is offering incenses to the altar. Besides him there is a standard with a garuda on the top. The legend shows Chandra. The reverse side shows Lakshmi holding a lotus and a cornucopia. The legend reads Srivikramah. The archer type has 2 varieties, the throne reverse and the lotus reverse. Couch Type These types of coins are rarely found and issued in the early king’s reign. On the observe, the king is seen seated on a couch, holding a lotus in one hand and resting the other on the couch. The king is wearing a waist cloth and jewellery and is completely Indianised. The legend reads Rupakriti and Vikramadityasya. The reverse side shows goddess Lakshmi seated on the couch with a lotus and a cornucopia in her hands with her feet on the footstool. The legend reads Srivikramah. These coins depict the king’s success and prosperity and are an expression of his physical and cultural qualifications. Chhatra Type Lion Slayer Type These coins represent a large variety of specimens. On the observe side of these coins, the king is dressed as a hunter, killing a lion. The legend reads, Narendrachandra Sinha Vikrmamah. On the reverse, goddess Durga is seated on a lion. It may be noted that Samudragupta’s Tiger slayer type signified his conquest of Bengal whereas Chandragupta’s Lion slayer type signify his conquest of the Gujarat region. Silver Coins Chandragupta II was the first Gupta ruler to issue silver coins. After conquering the Ksatrapa kingdoms in western India, Chandragupta started issuing silver coins which were very similar to the local currency in the region – the silver Ksatrapa coinage. The observe of these coins show the king’s bust with the date of the Gupta era. On the reverse, the symbol of the Saka coins is replaced by the figure of the garuda. These silver coins are very rare and few in number. They are mostly found in the western region of his empire. Copper Coins Chandragupta II Vikramaditya was again the first to issue copper coins. Generally on these coins, the king is seen on the observe and the garuda on the reverse with variations in their figures. Evidence shows that there was also a Chhatra type of copper coin. There were in all 9 types of copper coins. Copper coinage had not evolved to its maximum and they were also very rare and hard to find. Thus, the innovations in the coinage of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya comprise of gold, silver as well as copper coins. This was a remarkable progress in the art of coinage. Coins of Kumaragupta I Kumaragupta I reined from 414 A. D to 455 A. D. Historical evidence shows that he was also called Sakraditya and Mahendraditya. The power and the glory of the Guptas were at its peak and attained great heights under Kumaragupta. Besides other political, economical, social and administrative works, he is noted for the large number of coins he issued. The types and varieties of coins that he issued reflect the extent of the territory in which the coins were in circulation. He mainly issued gold, silver and copper coins. A few types of coins issued by Kumaragupta I are as follows : Archer type They were of different variety and types. The legends which appear on the observe are Kumara, Maharajadhiraja Sri Kumaraguptah, etc. While the reverse side bears a single legend, Sri Mahendrah. Swordsman type This was a type of innovation carried out by Kumaragupta I. The observe side of this new coin shows the king wearing a waist cloth and jewellery. He is seen casting incense on the altar with one hand and the other hand is on the sword that is tied at his waist. A garuda is seen on the left side and a legend is inscribed on it. The reverse side of this new type of coin shows goddess Lakshmi seated on a lotus. She is seen with a lotus in her hand and a garuda is shown along with a legend which is similar to the one on the observe. Horseman Type The observe shows the king riding a horse and it has a variety of legends. The reverse side shows the goddess Lakshmi seated on a wicker stool with a lotus with a long stalk in her hand and there is a uniform legend, Agitamahendrah. This is consistent on all the varieties of this type. Lion Slayer Type The observe side shows the king wearing a waist cloth with a sash. He is also wearing jewellery. He is shooting a lion with a bow in one hand. The reverse side shows goddess Durga seated on a lion, holding a cornucopia and a lotus in her hands. The legend on the reverse is _Sri Mahendrasinhah or Sinha Mahendrah. _Varieties in this type are seen mainly in terms of legends which are differently attributed in excellent, flowery language. Tiger Slayer Type Like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta also issued both the tiger slayer and the lion slayer coins. They were similar to his predecessors but due to evolution of new techniques, skills and styles, these coins were more skilfully and meaningfully carved. On the observe we see the king wearing a head dress, waist cloth and jewellery and is shown in action of shooting a tiger. The bow is held in the right hand and the left hand is shown drawing the string of the bow. His right foot is shown trampling the tiger. The legend shown is Srimam Vyaghraybala parakramah – ‘the glorious king, whose strength and valour is like that of a tiger’. The reverse shows goddess Durga in a standing position. She is holding a long stalked lotus in her left hand and is feeding a peacock some fruit with her right hand. The legend reads as Kumaraguptadhiraja. The most outstanding feature of this coin is that for the first time a peacock is has been used in a Gupta coin. This was a new trend started by Kumaragupta. Peacock / Kartikeya Type Elephant Rider Type The king is shown on the observe holding a goad in his right hand and is seen seated on an elephant. Behind him is an attendant holding an umbrella over him. The reverse shows goddess Lakshmi standing on a lotus flower and also holding a lotus in her left hand. Kumaragupta’s gold coins were more skilful and refined. Though gold was the chief metal used, he even issued silver coins. Silver Coins Kumaragupta I issued silver coins in abundance. His silver coins are classified in 4 categories or classes with some varieties in each. The coins in the class I category was similar to Chandragupta II. The obverse had traces of corrupt Greek letters and a well executed garuda was shown on the reverse. In class II, one can see that the features of the Ksatrapas are done away with. Also the Greek letters from the obverse and the garuda from the reverse are omitted. Class III marked the return of Kushana features. The Greek letters are reframed and well executed and the garuda is seen with all body, no neck and prominent wings on the obverse. On the reverse a legend is inscribed. In the class IV coins all Ksatrapa features were omitted. The obverse was changed by eliminating Greek letters and replacing them with a Brahmi date. A peacock that is the vehicle of the god Kartikeya of whom Kumaragupta was a devotee was shown. Later on class V of coins was introduced. They were silver plated and had a copper core. This lead to the debasement of silver. Copper Coins Coins of Skandagupta Skandagupta, the son of Kumaragupta reigned from 455 A. D to 467 A. D. He was considered the sole hero of this dynasty. The Junagadh pillar inscription and the Bhitari pillar inscription gives us a detailed account about the life, succession, history and achievements of Skandagupta. Although the standard of coins decreased, the issuing of new coins did not. He issued different types of coins both in gold and silver. Archer Type On the observe, the king is seen holding a bow and arrow with a garuda to his right. The reverse shows goddess Lakshmi with a lotus with the legend Sri Skandagupta. This is the most common type of gold coin. King and Lakshmi Type On the observe he king is shown with a bow, arrow and a lady who is not the queen, but is goddess Lakshmi, with a garuda between them. On the reverse, again we can see goddess Lakshmi with a lotus in one hand. This type of coin is also called the King and Queen Type. Some historians say that they are somewhat similar to the Chandragupta type coins of Samudragupta, but this is not entirely true. Silver Coins Mainly 3 types; Garuda, Bull and Archer type. Coins of other Gupta Emperors Coinage of the Guptas was at its peak during the reign of Samudragupta, Chandragupta II Vikramaditya, Kumaragupta I and Skandagupta. After these rulers, the Gupta coinage saw a downward graph. After Skandagupta, Purugupta also issued gold coins of the Archer type. He also issued the Horseman type of coins. Kumaragupta II succeeded Purugupta. He took an active interest in issuing coins. He promoted minting of coins even during the lean days of the empire. Once again we see that his most commonly issued coins were of the Archer type. The reign of Buddhagupta is very important in the history of Gupta coinage because it is the rediscovery of the pride and prestige of the Gupta coinage after the dark ages it went through. He issued rare silver coins. Though the coins of the later Guptas reflect the decline of the dynasty and the art of coinage, one can see evidently that each ruler tried his best to continue the tradition of issuing coins of various types and forms. Conclusion A detailed study of the Gupta coinage reveals the outstanding features of the Gupta dynasty. The contribution of the Guptas to the field of coinage was remarkable and greatly appreciated. Though the art of coinage started very early, it reached its zenith in the classical age of the Guptas. The contribution of the gupta coins is of great help in the reconstruction of the history of ancient India. It not only serves as the numismatical evidence but also gives us an insight into the political, social, economic, cultural and religious life of that age. These coins give us knowledge about the various titles which were given to the various Gupta rulers, like, Vikramaditya, Maharajadhiraja, etc. Coins also reveal names of some unknown rulers. They also reveal the names of their queens, their sons and other family members. The coins also help us to fix the chronology and they give us dates and periods and other details. For example, Coins of Samudragupta give us exact dates of the various events that took place during his rule. The coins tell us about the territorial expansion of the empire. The economic advancement can also be gauged as per the number of gold coins found. These coins also throw some light on the dress, ornaments, furniture, weapons and general lifestyle of that time. The tiger slayer and lion slayer type of coins tells us about the passion of hunting of the rulers. The horseman and elephant type of coins reveal the love for riding and the lyrist type shows us the musical side of Samudragupta. Gupta coins are finally studied as pieces of art as they are the finest examples of Numismatic Art in India. Even though other dynasties issued coins they lacked the style and technique, skill and quality of the Guptas that are considered, so far, as the best Indian works in the field of coinage in Indian history. Hence, they are rightly quoted as the landmark in the field of ancient Indian coinage. Bibliography ?Samel, Elements of Archaeology, Museology & Library Sciences, Manan Prakashan, Mumbai, 2007 ? Parmeshwari Lal Gupta, Coins, National Book trust, India, 1969 ? A. S. Altekar, Coinage of the Gupta Empire, Numismatics Society of India, India.

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Final proof for doc sum - Essay Example express God’s essential nature.1 This doctrinal summary is a brief overview of the doctrine of the Trinity; God’s nature, perfections, and attributes; and, God’s Decree. The doctrine of the Trinity can be described as, God existing in one essence, with three persons or members of the same substance. At the same time, there is no division of the substance; each member is identical in deity and substance. The Triune God of the Bible exists in one essence with three distinct members of the Godhead: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Each member of the Godhead is the same in substance; however, throughout dispensational periods of the Bible, specific distinctions of members of the Godhead were seen to accomplish God’s will. Christian doctrine of the Trinity did not emerge from the philosophical speculation about God.2 Simple logic and reasoning play no role in the Trinity doctrine. Scriptures in the Bible teach the Trinity implicitly. This summary will show a brief overview of monotheistic elements in Trinitarian belief. Furthermore, Scriptures referring to the three members of the Godhead, as well as their individual distinctions will be discussed. Monotheism or unity is the foundation of the trinity doctrine. Deuteronomy 6:4, â€Å"Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one† known as the ‘shema’ thereby rules out any belief in polytheism, because during this time many worshiped multiple so called Gods. However, in the New Testament, we see evidence of the three members implicitly in Scripture: (1 Peter 1:2), â€Å"who have chosen according to the foreknowledge of the Father, through the Sanctifying work of the Spirit, for the obedience to Jesus Christ and the sprinkling by his blood.†3 This particular Scripture shows the three members of the Godhead. The Trinity is a perfect union, with balance of authority and love without imperfections. We will now investigate some of God’s attributes/ perfections. Understanding the basic concept of the Trinity

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What do you see as the biggest threat to our national security and how would you eliminate or minimize this threat - Essay Example Terrorism always stems up in the weakest of classes within a society. Its infancy is thus bred and nourished in the lowest of classes within the culture. This weak class in a third world nation is in reality the masses. What people think about the form of government is really given an air of indifferent experiences when terrorism starts to crop up all of a sudden. This creates a feeling of hatred for the governmental institutions as well as the people at the helm of affairs, i.e., the ones who are generating the policies and are running the government. Quoting the example of the super power and the most powerful nation in the world, United States of America, it can be easily said that there are two known groups that are terrorizing its form of government – these are the Islamic quarters and the Christian identity within the community that is being supported wholeheartedly by almost 80 percent of the American nationals. America today is in a fix. Its government is marred by terrorist activities, both in and out of the country. As it is the most powerful nation of the world, thus handling the state of affairs of different countries also lies on its shoulders. It must be remembered here that this handling must be from a friendly stance, which aims to assist rather than being of a forceful and tyrant nature. It should in no way take over the mission of changing the government at a given time in a particular country. This is so very true for a nation like Iraq as well as many others where USA has made every effort possible to ta ke control of their territories by sheer strength and might. The result of this force is that people, not only in the American colonies but also of the outside world, have started to have a sense of hatred for the US government and its policies. This is apparent in the present times of American government whereby it had to take these steps due to some mistakes of their present as well

Personal Statement for the UCAS application (UK Universities)

For the UCAS application (UK Universities) - Personal Statement Example industry is a major driver of the world’s major economies with new innovations, new discoveries particularly in electronic devices, new technologies in food and clothing industries and flow of new medicines to different healthcare facilities of the world. I want to be part of this industry for I have always wanted to work where I can positively impact the lives of people. I wish to study in the UK since most of my friends have pursued their international studies in the UK based Universities and have highly recommended me to join these international institutions where all are welcome and where world-class teaching takes place. I have also been doing my own research on the best place to undertake my course and I have discovered that UK is that best place for UK education is one of the few recognized by governments, universities and employers in all corner of the world. Also, universities ranked as best in the world are based here in the UK. I am sponsored by SABIC Company which is one of the major manufacturing companies in Saudi Arabia and the largest public company listed in Middle East specializing in industrial polymers, chemicals and intermediates, metals and even fertilizers. Basically, I am a part of this company hence this career does not only match my strengths but also my future interests. I therefore feel that pursuing chemical engineering perfectly suits my job and will allow me to utilize my talents in the best way as I acquire the needed skills and knowledge to lead SABIC Company to even becoming a better chemical manufacturer and maintaining its ground as a world major chemical manufacturing company. I am practically a very social person and I love meeting and making new friends. Therefore, apart from having reading as my leisure interests, I love visiting museums and national archives. A visit to the museum and national archives makes me feel satisfied. I also love outdoor activities and sporting activities. Eating out, walking in the parks,

Health Threats From Environmental Pollutants Research Paper

Health Threats From Environmental Pollutants - Research Paper Example Evaporation of seawater has increased and this has resulted in droughts in some regions, and increased rains in other areas. Such unpredictable climatic changes have posed a threat to the economic well being of the developing countries. The rapid nature of these climatic changes has generally caught mankind on the wrong foot (Victor). Food production has been adversely affected, and the sudden and unpredictable changes in the climate have increased the mortality rate amongst those who dwell in coastal areas. It is the principal objective of the Kyoto agreement to countenance these challenges. This agreement endeavors to engender better cooperation between countries, in order to reduce global warming. Nevertheless, the fact remains that the Kyoto agreement is just an initial, though significant, step in this direction and several such agreements have to be implemented (Victor). There are several factors that contribute to water pollution. There are direct and indirect contamination sources, which act as contributory causes for water contamination. For instance, the effluents from industries and factories directly contribute to water contamination. Chemical treatment plants and chemical production units are major water pollutants. These are termed as direct contamination sources. In urban areas, such direct sources contaminate drinking water. Therefore, many countries have taken stringent measures to prevent drinking water pollution. The governments of developed nations have enacted several legislations to prevent industries and factories from discharging their chemical effluents into water sources. Despite these steps, water contamination still continues in most countries (Rubin). Water is chiefly contaminated by the activities of humans.

Bead Bar Systems Development Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bead Bar Systems Development Project - Essay Example Order tracking, fulfillment, inventory and supply dynamics can be managed optimally. The proposed information system would departmentalize the operations of the various departments and make the organisation accessible to its stakeholders in a pre-approved and designed manner. Not everyone would be allowed to access all kinds of information and all activities can be tracked so as to ascertain the state of the organisation at every point of time. We desire to create a company website which can be accessed through the internet so that all the franchisee locations are able to access it and perform the business functions of recording and updating the system for all the business changes. All the franchisee locations are connected with the help of public data carriers so that it is able to access the company website to perform their functions. Each such franchisee would have their access privileges to enter the transaction section and operate their business process. The president and the owner, vice president’s of all the departments would have an Executive Information System (EIS) Management Information System (MIS) to manage their operations. The accounts department may use Transaction Processing System (TPS) and the ground level workers can use Knowledge Work System to measure worker output, productivity and others. Prior to outlining the input and output information, the system development life cycle must be in place so that the analysis is done accordingly. The correct nature of the inputs and the outputs would make the system design vary accordingly as it requires to capture the information and put it into a frame to interpret in a decisive manner to take further decisions. The new proposed system and the present working system are analyzed so that the ROI (Return On Investment) is obtained. The proposed system is further analyzed for economical, technical,

Chariots of Fire Essay Example for Free

Chariots of Fire Essay Answer: In the film Chariots of Fire, Directed by Hugh Hudson, two major film techniques which have been used are slow motion and close up shots. These Production techniques reinforce the character and feelings of Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams as they prepare and run in the 1924 Paris Olympic Games. The Close Up shots give us an insight into Eric’s Character and reactions, specifically when he makes the decision not to run on the Sabbath. Slow motion tells us of the nervousness and loneliness of Harold as he waits for the races to start, and communicates the feeling of tension to the viewers . The film techniques in Chariots of Fire enhance the characters personalities and form a link with the theme and major events in the story line. Close up shots are used in Chariots of Fire to portray the honesty and integrity of Eric Liddell, â€Å"the Flying Scotsman†, and his personality and approach to the Olympic Games. When Eric arrived in Paris he was confronted with the problem of running his 100m heats on the Sabbath. Eric decides that he won’t run on the Sabbath because, â€Å"the Sabbath is Gods and I for one intend to keep it that way†, â€Å"I won’t run and that’s final†. The close up shots showed us Eric’s reactions and emotions which exposed how Eric was a transparent character whose life was governed by faith, honesty and loyalty to God. Hugh Hudson has used slow motion during the Olympic races to portray the honesty and integrity of Harold Abraham and Eric Liddell. The slow motion technique is also used to portray the loneliness and solitary feeling before races. At the start of Harold’s race it shows his determination to win, â€Å"If I can’t win, I won’t run†. Harold was a Jew and was determined to prove that he could run, it was his weapon against the rising of Anti-Semitism before World War Two. The slow motion in Eric’s race shows the viewers the different style of running he has and how each movement counts towards the final victory. Eric said â€Å"God made me fast, and when I run I feel his pleasure†; the slow motion shows how he loves running, but reminds us of his firm faith and trust in God which will never be severed. Slow motion shots showed me the feelings of the runners during their races and deepened the sense of nervousness, but determination to run the race to victory in both of the main characters. The two production techniques close up shots and slow motion, enhance the link between the characters and the theme of faith and endurance, the understanding of character feelings and determination made the film worthwhile because you can sense the tenseness of the character and their yearning for victory as the both had â€Å"something personal to prove†. The production techniques helped me to understand the characters faith and the strength of their faith which governed their lives, never to decrease but continually increase and inspire others to run a straight race morally, have ambition and determination, this theme is especially prominent as we are shown how Eric’s faith in God was his strength when running and pathway to victory. Two major production techniques in Chariots of Fire, used by Hugh Hudson were close up and slow motion, these two techniques enhanced my understanding of the main characters, Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams. The techniques portrayed character feelings, formation and the result of crucial decision making. This film is worthwhile to watch because not only because of the way the director has used techniques to make it easier to understand the lives of the two Olympic heroes and inspire future generations, but to get an insight of how these two runners achieved their goal and their personal reasons for pursuing victory.

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism Essay Everywhere where you go, there are fast food companies advertising their products. You take a road trip to your familys house, and what do you see? Rest stops filled with fast food restaurants. According to Google maps, there are close to 50,000 fast food chains across the United States. (with Mcdonalds being the largest restaurant chain. ) Fast food companies go above and beyond to lure you to buy their products. But what exactly is in their food? Not many people look into that. All theyre looking for is a quick fix and convenient food. But, what is this food doing to your body? How do you know what youre eating is good for you? In this essay, I explain in full detail about the pros and cons of consuming fast food. During the past 20 years, there has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the U. S; and Also an increase in obesity-related medical problems. Such problems include: including type II diabetes, hypertension, caridiovascular disease, ect. In particular, diabetes has become the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Whats the cause of this? Genetic modification is a process in which the genetic make up of living organisms such as plants, animals bacteria, ect are altered. Thus the resulting organism is called genetically modified, genetic engineered or transgenic. By using the genetic information from one organism and inserting or modifying it into another organism, scientists can make food crops stay fresher, grow bigger, and have the crops create their own pesticides. Over the past 10 years, food has been improved in many ways. Before the second World War, all American beef was grass-finished, meaning that cattle ate pasture grass for the duration of their lives. Today, the vast majority of cattle spend anywhere from 60-120 days in feedlots being fattened with grain before being slaughtered. Most cattle today are being fed genetically modified corn, thanks to the Monsanto Corporation. Monsanto Corporation has been feeding the world with its genetically engineered food crops for many years. In 2001, Monsantos genetically modified crops accounted for 91% of the total area of genitcally modified crops planted worldwide. This resulted in Monsanto suing good farmers for copyright infringement. Monsantos crops would spread to neighborhood crops, and contaminate their vegetables. When farmers purchase a patented seed variety, they sign an agreement that they will not save and replant seeds produced from the seed they buy from Monsanto. They CANNOT outline the rules of use, for example, they are not allowed to save any of the seed from their crop to plant the next season. Saving seed is a common practice used for thousands of years, but Monsanto forbids it, requiring farmers to buy new seeds from the company every year. This moves on to farmers feeding their cattle genetically engineered maize. In factory farms in eastern Colorado, genetically modified corn grows next to the confined animal pens. Its DNA-altered pollen is blown over the stockyards, adding further to the contamination of the animals. Even worse, the urine-soaked manure from these animals is recycled as fertilizer in the adjacent corn fields, then contaminating the soil. That cycle of genetically modified toxin is then passed on to you in your meat. This brings us to beef sold in markets and in fast food chains. The artifical growth hormones in beef production poses a potential risk to human health. These six hormones include three which are naturally occurring: Oestradiol, Progesterone, and Testosterone; and three which are synthetic: Zeranol, Trenbolone, and Melengestrol. People have also questioned whether hormone residues in the meat of growth enhanced animals can disrupt human hormone balance, causing developemental problems, interfering with the reproductive system, and even leading to the developement of breast, prostate or colon cancer. Fast food chains such as Mcdonalds claims to use 100% beef though, that isnt entirely true. Americans are literally bombarded with ads for McDonals, Burger King, and Wendys. Icons like Michael Jordan to Drew Bledsoe are featured in Mcdonalds ads.. Even children are lured into their restaurants with the indoor playgrounds, and must have toys. Little do people know that consuming fast food can cause serious health damage. 52 million people are served at Mcdonalds daily, worldwide. 27 million americans out of that 52 eat Mcdonalds daily. Mcdonalds restaurants today seldom have their nutritional information charts up but which to be fair, isnt very nutritional at all. Their Big Mac is made up of 450 calories, 29 grams of fat, 1040 grams of sodium, and 9 grams of sugar. This is way too unhealthy. Mcdonalds promote their food as nutritious, but the reality is that it is junk food. Its high in fat, sugar and salt, and low in fiber and vitamins. Most Americans today eat fast food atleast 3-4 times a month. A diet of this type is linked with a greater risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. A good question is how does Mcdonalds sell their cheeseburger so cheap? Heres how. Rumor has it that their meat is made from eyeballs, and intestines. Well, not true. Those things have a distinctly different texture and flavor than even the most finely ground muscle meat (Also more expensive. ) Mcdonalds meat is scraps of meat from the tough parts of the animal that arent sold at higher prices at your local grocery store. Its the strips, and scraps, and the unedible parts of the animal. This, obviously, is not fit for human consumption. But, there is technology in America that can turn that into edible food we eat today in fast food restaurants. After it being stripped of its fat, its then soaked in ammonia. The ammonia kills the pathogens lurking in the meat (E-Coli, Salmonella, ect.) It is then drained, and minced. After thats done, its shipped off to be sold at the cheapest price on their menu. Mcdonalds isnt the main reason why most Americans are obese, though their highly processed food is full of high fructose corn syrup all of which CAUSES obesity, heart disease, and diabetes, the amount of food and the frequent visits Americans choose is what causes the obesity. So, as you can see, genetically modified food has had a huge impact on American life. Advertising of unhealthy foods and products have spread worldwide and dangered the lives of many people (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovasular disease, ect).

French revolution

French revolution To what extent were the ideas of the French philosophes and Enlightenment thinking a precondition to the French Revolution in 1789 were the social and economic crises of the time not sufficient in causing the Revolution themselves? The extent to which the philosophy of the 18th century impacted the French Revolution has occupied the historian ever since the days of the Revolution itself. It has proved to be immensely complex; many historians have written on the subject of the Revolution many choosing to see it purely as a sequence of events culminating in Revolution. The intellectual origins of the Revolution take root initially in the ideas of Sixteenth Century writers. The constant development of these ideas led into the great period of the Eighteenth Century, where philosophers sought to develop new ways of thinking that would allow man to better himself, and to free him from old ways of thinking and superstitions that had engrained themselves in the world. The generations that had grown up in the intellectual environment of the time and the way they were affected by these revolutionary ideas was an essential part of the Revolution. Trained historians have tended to play down the role of played by the philo sophes; instead they focus on the historical causes of the Revolution, on the facts such as the financial crisis or the inefficacy of the tax system. However, it is fundamental in understanding the cause of the revolution to appreciate the undercurrent of the development of new ideas over time this gradual occurrence does not necessarily warrant as much attention as events that happen abruptly, which may have caused the influence of enlightenment thinking to be cast aside somewhat. So how can the extent to which the ideas and writings of the philosophes influenced the general population be measured? To what extent were the revolutionaries influenced by the philosophes and perhaps most importantly did the revolutionaries mould their own philosophies around the circumstances in which they found themselves? The idea of volontà © nationale was a fundamental concept that needed to be considered by many Enlightenment thinkers. What was meant by volontà © nationale? It could be interpreted as volontà © de la majorità ©, but how could the will of the masses be gauged? The will of the people needed to manifest itself in some form in order for a people to become revolutionary. To understand how the Enlightenment affected the everyday individual in France is to fully appreciate the question at hand il faudra chercher a connaà ®tre là ©tat despirit des hommes à   là ©poque, à   nous rendre compte de ce quà ©prouvait alors lindividu par rapport à   la masse dont il fasait partie.[1] The Philosophes and Enlightenment thinking in the 18th Century Voltaire was one of the key figures in terms of his revolutionary thinking during the Eighteenth Century. He believed that laws were outdated and needed to be changed because they had been created at a different time, haphazardly and the existing laws were basà ©es sur lignorance et la superstition.[2] In a letter he wrote to Catherine II Voltaire declared les lois sont faites aprà ¨s coup, comme on calfate des vaisseux qui ont voies deau; elles sont innombrables, parce quelles sont faites sur des besoins toujours renaissants; elles sont condradictoires, attendu que ces besoins ont toujours changà ©. Voltaire was convinced that laws needed to be changed in order to allow the society to become enlightened.   For Voltaire religion also holds man back from becoming enlightened. In terms of morals, he compares the religious morals with philosophical morals. Voltaires belief that the philosophical morality is no different from religious morality is clearly explained by Groethuysen: L es philosophes ont tous des idà ©es diffà ©rentes sur les principes des choses, mais ils enseignent tout la mà ªme parole.[3] All religions thus have a harmonising and moralising aspect, however Voltaire criticises the way in which religion is based upon so many superstitions and obscure cult practices. These outdated superstitions have led to war and destruction les gens se sont disputes sur les dogmes, ils sont fait la guerre; des nations en ont detruit dautres parce queelles croyaient en Jesus-Christ et non en Mahoment.[4] Laws and religion are not necessary in order to allow man to know the difference between right and wrong reason is independent of law and religion. Man has been corrupted by the irrational aspects of religion. He does not use his sense of reasoning to understand the world and commits act of destruction and violence solely in the name of religion. Voltaire wanted man to be freed from its inability to reason, much alike Kants belief in Was ist Aufklarung that Aufklà ¤rung ist der Ausweg des Menschen aus seiner selbstverschuldeten Unmà ¼ndigkeit. Sapere aude! In answering the question as to how a law of reason can be established Voltaire proposes une loi fondamentale [qui] agit sur toutes les nations que nous conaissons.[5] The principle behind this law is first and foremost to distinguish between what is right and what is not. But Voltaire sees this law as secondary in terms of human judgement and reason every man has an inner instinct that allows them to know what is right, un sens de lequite commun a tous les hommes. For Voltaire ideas of morality are of the utmost importantce; knowledge of all other ideas must come second to morality: seules les idees morales peuvent nous server a conduire notre vie de facon a la mener en commun avec les autres hommes. A new philosophy of morality was necessary to create the new modern man; this was Voltaires main objective; he wrote in a letter to Frederic Guillaume in October 1737 that lhumanite est le principe de toutes mes pensees. Man has to look only to the goodness within him and his own instinctive moral principles pour que sa raison trouve en lui une egalite universelle dominant toutes les legislations particulieres. This in turn would lay down the foundations for a moral law. As Voltaire grew older he increasingly focused his thoughts against religion and the Church. In a letter written to Frederic II in 1767 he declared depuis dix-sept cents ans, la secte chretienne na jamais fait que du mal. He called on all philosophers of his time to rise up with him in his fight against the Church. Voltaire declared that sooner or later the time would come in France when people would be able to see the conspiracy and lunacy of religion people were raising des mains invisibles pour percer le fanatisme dun bout de lEurope a lature avec les fleches de la verite. He became very excited about the prospect of the coming revolution through the Enlightenment and could foresee the coming of the age of reason. In 1761 he wrote to dAlembert, je suis tetu. Jusqua mon dernier souffle, je repeterai mon caeterum censo: Ecrasez lInfame. Cest une grande lutte, la lutte de tous les etres pensants contre les etres non-pensantstous les etres pensants doivent etre tendrement uniscontre les fanatiques, les hypocrites, egalement persecuteurs. However, Voltaire was particularly critical of other philosophers of his time, toutes les philosophes sont trop tiedes; ils se contentent de rire des erreurs des hommes, au lieu de les ecraser.[6] Voltaire wanted all the philosophes to join together to cause change in the world and to help the population become enlightenened, he did not wanted the other philosophes to want to enlighten the world and not just see the mistakes in the existing one; les missionaries courent la terre et les mers, il faut au moins que les philosophes courent les rues, il faut quils aillent semer le bon grain de maisons en maisons.[7] This use of particularly strong language by Voltaire shows the extent to which he believed in the Enlightenment and how much he wanted it to be realised in the world. Voltaire, in writing to Alembert vehemently calls those leaders who prevent their citizens from becoming enlightened as monstres persecuteurs, quon me donn e seulement sept ou huit personnes que je puisse conduire et je vous exterminerai.[8] He declared that eventually reason will prevail but bemoans the fact that he will not be alive to see this beau changement of lEglise de la sagesse, dans laquelle les philosophes seront les precepteurs du genre humain. He calls on the philosophes to see the fruit of the trees that they themselves had planted. As regards the division of France into three estates Voltaire is very clear that the existing system needs to be abolished. Representez vous le tier etat. Mais ce sont les paysans sur leur champsles millions dhommes qui travaillent, a cote des deux cent mille members du clerge ou de la noblesse qui ne travaillent pas.[9] This inequality is a major problem for Voltaire for, in his eyes, all men are born equally on the Earth and this inequality from birth poses a major problem in allowing the Third Estate to become enlightened. Le tiers etat a lui seul est dà ©jà   toute la nation[10] Voltaire calls on the revolutionary masses of 1789 to look deeper and more closely at things and to question everything around them. Fiez-vous donc a votre raisonnement, substituez toujours le concret, le defini aux affirmations indecises ou generales. He explains how not every man is born with the ability to be a philosophe but that every man is able to become enlightened; la faculte critique est quelq ue chose de positif en lhomme. Cest la joie detre libre de prejudges, de savoir que la raison est souverain en tout homme.[11] Voltaire wants every man to win the fight against superstition and false beliefs. Voltaire praises the other philosophes, for despite their differences, they are honnetes gensqui ne savent point ce qui est, mais qui savent fort bien ce qui nest pas.[12] They have called the world into question and although they do not have answers to much of it they have created the foundations upon which the Enlightenment can be built. Although Voltaires philosophy may be interpreted as somewhat pessimistic in terms of   the insignificance of man in terms of the universe, he is also optimistic in that man does have the capacity to think about things outside his world there is la misere de la condition humaine but also les grandes pensees, le ciel etoile dans sa legalite invariable, leternite dont lhomem essaye de surprendre le secret pendant le court instant dure sa pauv re existence instable.[13] The philosophes need to join together and give their mutual support to one another in order to win the fight against the enemy that seeks to continue its domination over unenlightened man. But by what means could Voltaires notion of an enlightened nation be achieved? In a letter to the Marquis dArgence de Dirac in 1764 he declares il ne faut pas disputer avec les gens entetesjamais la dispute na convaincu personne; on peut ramener les hommes en les faisant penser par eux memes, en paraisant douter avec eux, en les conduisant, comme par la main, sans quiils sen apercoivent. For Voltaire if all the philosophes were united in their philosophies and it worked its way peacefully through the masses then la plus belle à ©poque de lhistoire de lespirit humain would be born. From the advent of Christianity Voltaire believes that history has only been formed through errors and mistakes. In opposition to Montesquieu, he proposes all existing laws to be forgotten so that humanity can be re-rooted in reason and enlightened thinking. For Voltaire there is nothing to be learnt from history la critique historique decouvre partout la deraison dont temoignent les actes et les lois faites par les hommes, depuis que lEglise a fat regner la superstition dans le monde.[14] Man needs to be enlightened from this absurd world, created by generations of mans mistakes. Although on the face of it Voltaires analysis of the current situation could be interpreted as pessimistic he trusts that reason will prevail in allowing a new order to be created, as Groethuysen explains: la raison conduira la passionla passion devenue raison, la passion de la raison va posseder les hommes de la revolution francaise.[15] Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were also arguably among some of the most important Enlightenment thinkers contributing to the French Revolution. In terms of laws Montesquieu believed that all men should conform to laws and that they must begin by working to create worthy people.[16] Justice, for Montesquieu was a harmonious relationship which really exists between two things. This relationship never varies; whether it is viewed from the perspective of God, an angel, or of maneven if God did exist, we ought always to love justicejustice is eternal and nowise dependant on human conventions.[17] Justice was an absolute standard and laws must exist because they are just. Montesquieu saw man as a product of his environment and felt that man should adapt himself as best he could within this environment. Unlike Voltaire, Montesquieu did not see the need to rid the world of all its existing laws; instead he declares it is sometimes necessary to change certain laws, but such occasions are rare and when they arise one should only touch laws with a trembling hand.[18] This approach to the tampering with laws is not particularly revolutionary; however, he wanted all political societies to be judged on his absolute principles of justice and liberty. For Montesquieu the idea form of government took shape in a moderate government, however, he states that moderate governments are a masterpiece of legislation that chance produces very rarely and men rarely allow prudence to create[19] In de lEsprit des Lois, published in 1748 Montesquieu discusses the legality of laws and how to judge whether a law exists for the good of man. He believes that laws should be made in order to better mankind and to transform the existing system. All laws need to be judged as to whether they correspond or contradict the rights of man. For Montesquieu every law needs to be based on moral principles and should guide man towards morality. Cest dans les principes du droit que noud devons chercher la norme absolue qui nous permettra de construire une collectivite.[20] Montesquieu saw the intellectual world as a group of collectivites. The life of every individual is fundamentally conditioned by the community in which they live. A world of collectivites would create a new, happy people and man would achieve happiness in such a collectivite. It could be interpreted that Montesquieu sees France as a collectivite. Cest la nation qui seule peut se donner la loi.[21] Montesquieu wanted to see a change in the law-citizen relationship; he wanted it to change from man being the object of laws to man becoming the subject of legislative power. Montesquieu wanted human reason to be applied to the reality in which people lived. However, Montesquieus philosophy does not sit well with the French Revolution because his ideals of universal and absolute reason are only applicable to the world at large and which must govern the world at large. As a result, if these laws were to be implemented, one would only be implementing ideas based upon legality within nature. Montesquieu believed that the legislative and executive powers needed to be separate so that the citizens could not be oppressed and would remain free. For Montesquieu the main purpose of religion was to make better citizens; he believed that religious beliefs were a product of the environments in which people lived. Despite the fact that he believed that all religions strengthened the morality of the followers Montesquieu believed Christianity to be the most favourable in creating good citizens. Montesquieus de lEsprit des Lois put forward the notion of liberalism in which liberty could only be secured through a contrived equilibrium between the competing interests within society[22] Although Montesquieus message is not always clear within de lEsprit des Lois he does not waver from his belief that governments should act in the needs of the people, as opposed to being the means to change a society, that institutions and beliefs are the result of the environment and the actions of generations in the past and that there are moral imperatives that transcend time and which bind all men together. Fundamentally Montesquieu and Rousseau had conflicting concepts of freedom. As previously stated Montesquieu believed that freedom could be achieved in collectivites. Governments needed to respect the independence of these collectivites and vote in favour of the esprit general. On the other hand, Rousseaus notion of political freedom consisted of allowing man to achieve all he wanted, which was obviously in the best interest of the community at large. This would be achieved through the liberation of man from his state of ignorance by abolishing all existing institutions and denaturing man. One legislator would ensure this denaturing and change his existence through changing the society in which he lived. Despite Montesquieus belief that governments should let people pursue their own interests, he wanted the governments to pursue both freedom and justice it would be wrong to say to say that Montesquieu was not urging political action. Rousseau was urging for a regeneration of the cur rent system, and as Hampson explains this concept of regeneration was to become one of the most abused words of 1789.[23] Both Rousseau and Montesquieu had devoted a great deal of their time to political issues and had begun to challenge the existing political situation, however more writers needed to challenge the existing order but the influence of these philosophes in allowing revolutionary thinking and ideas to come into being cannot be understated. Montesquieu and Rousseaus impact in the years leading up to the Revolution took shape in numerous forms. There was constant reference to Montesquieu in the many pamphlets of literature of 1788 in support of the parlements challenge to the royal family. Lawyers were constantly referencing Montesquieu and De lesprit des lois. Furthermore, Rousseaus influence was also present with references to du Contrat social the state of monarchy is only useful for corrupted nations.[24] Other pamphlets draw on Rousseau to an even greater extent; man is born free, laws are acts of the general will, government is the agent of the general will and not a part to the social contract.[25] As Hampson further explains all the pamphlets shared a common vocabularythe subjects of the kingdom had been replaced by the citizens of the nation. Those of whom the writers approved were the enfants de la patrie and their opponents agents of ministerial despotism'[26] This is a clear demonstration of the influence of Rousseaus philosophy and his success in shaping revolutionary ideas through the use of this republican language. Billaud Varenne, was particularly influenced by the ideas of Rousseau and expressed his admiration for the fine works of Rousseau, who describes so well the power of the Supreme Being[27] In Varennes Despotisme des ministres de France Varenne echoes many of Rousseaus sentiments; superior by our knowledge, our industry and our force, to every nation in the universe, when we could be second Romans, betrayed by our generals, strangled by our ministers, every day we risk being subjugated to foreign domination or becoming wholly enslaved to our own[28] Moreover, Montesquieus philosophy was also put forward by Varenne in this three-volume work great agitation within a state should always be avoided as much as possible.[29] It is clear that the work of the philosophes had a major impact on the revolutionaries and fundamentally provided the intellectual stimulus upon which the re volutionaries could propose concrete changes contributing to the revolution of 1789. The expression of the philosophes ideals in the French Revolution Many modern day historians continue to argue that the link between Enlightenment thought and the French Revolution long pre-dated the revolution itself, claiming that many anti-philosophes were convinced that the philosophes were attempting to undermine and destabilise the already established order. Nonetheless, the revolutionaries claimed that the Revolution was a direct consequence of Enlightenment thinking; as Brissot boasted in 1791 Our revolution is not the fruit of an insurrection. It is the work of a half century of enlightenment. As Roland N. Stromberg explains Those who tried to guide the Revolution never ceased to legitimize or rationalize their actions by appealing to the words of Voltaire, Rousseau ,Montesquieu, Diderot, and other intellectual heroes of the Enlightenment, though they might do so selectively and erratically[30] Most damming in seeing the Revolution as the result of the Enlightenment is the fact that the majority of the remaining philosophes of the time did not agree with the Revolution. From the Holbach coterie, which included Raynal, Marmontel, Morellet and Grimm. With the onset of revolution, Raynal, who had written perhaps the most influential revolutionary piece of the 1770s, fled Paris. Morellet also declared that the French Revolution had created a state of anarchy and also left Paris. Further, Marmontel saw a dangerous fanaticism and the spirit of licence, faction and anarchy. Grimm, who had served a secretary of sorts to the philosophe movement also fled the country and returned to his native Germany and left his riches to be seized by the revolutionary government.   Alan Kors had named this group as the radical enlightenment group and argues that their opposition to the Revolution held true to their own Enlightenment views. The fact that the French Revolution had taken such an ir rational and anarchic course went against their beliefs in rational order and scientific method.[31] The philosophes favoured a far more gradual progression of the Revolution through reform and allowing the leaders and the population of France to come to understand the ideas of the Enlightenment. The Marquis de Condorcet, whose pure philosophy contributed a great deal to the Revolution still, on the Eve of the Revolution, believed that France could only solve its social and economic crises through the slow diffusion of Enlightenment ideas. His friend The Abbe Sieyes in the Societe de 1789, who essentially symbolised the Revolution of the Third Estate in 1789, also withdrew from politics in 1790 due to his disapproval of the path the Revolution had taken.  Ã‚   Of the philosophes still alive in 1789 the Cercle Social still made attempts to allow the ideas of the past be realised in modern day France. The Cercle Social was later to become the Girondist faction of the Revolution. The group had its own printing press, published journals and placed major emphasis on education of the ideas of the philosophes. Condorcet and Brissot were key members of this group and were determined to make Enlightenment ideals become part of the new emerging world. They wanted to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment and create a rational political institutions based on the ideas of the Enlightenment.[32] They believed that a sudden and aggressive move from one form of government to the next was not the way Revolution should be carried out, rather ideas needed to be understood by the everyday man so that his attitudes could be changed. The point that changes needed to take place on all levels of society is aptly explained by Foucault; nothing in society will be c hanged if the mechanisms of power that function outside, below and alongside the State apparatuses on a much more minute and everyday level are not also changed.[33] It was believed by these revolutionaries that France would become a nation devoted to the Revolution, in which Rousseau du Contrat Socials civil religion would become the new moral cement. Many of the revolutionaries began to see themselves as the priests of this new religion. These Girondists also believed that education could change human nature an idea derived from John Locke and put forward by Condillac in France. The Girondists were adamant that this could be achieved if the philosophes and revolutionaries were able to gain control of education they could mold a new species of mankind.[34] The Jacobins were even more extreme in their views on education as they wanted to take children away from their parents and indoctrinate them in new Enlightenment ideas. As Stromberg explains the philosophes had addressed only an elite, the next task was to expand this charmed circle to embrace the whole nation. However, Gary Kates argues that the Girondists were not a bourgeois party but a party of those who had come to understand the Enlightenment. Despite their will to see the ideas of the philosophes realised within the Revolution they proved to be ineffective politicians and thus were defeated by the Montagnards. Robespierrists felt that their enemies were far more educated than they were and attempted to confuse the masses with their complicated ideas of philosophy. Saint-Just declared that these enemies tried to fool people with complicated intellectual arguments. Robespierre himself was not an advocate of theory and declared it is not necessary to search in the books of political writers, who did not at all foresee the Revolution. Many historians have also questioned the extent to which Robespierre really was influenced by the philosophes given his suspiciousness of their ideas and many argue that he did not even have a very great knowledge of Rousseau, of whom he declared himself to have been greatly influenced. Brissot once called Robespierres speeches unintelligibility posing as profundity. The down with the philosophes slogan of the Jacobins is further evidence in proving the lack of respect that they had for the Enlightenment ideas of the 18th century. At this point it is clear that t he ideas of the philosophes were no longer attached to the Revolution the Jacobins were far more interested in politics than with the ideas of the Enlightenment and thus the Revolution broke away from the Enlightenment.[35] The Bourgeoisie and the Revolution The bourgeoisie and the educated classes played a major role in the French Revolution through the summoning of the Assembly. Between November 1788 and the meeting of the Estates General over 2,500 pamphlets were published. The ideas of the philosophes which were now being forwarded through the revolutionaries became of great interest to the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie began to focus on how the current system could be changed and how their desires might become a reality. The system of government had been attacked and criticised for decades prior to the Revolution the introduction of new ideas change to the existing constitutional and political situation had enlightened the bourgeoisie and fuelled their desire for change. 2 [1] BernardGroethuysen, Philosophie de la Rà ©volution Franà §aise, Page 82 [2] Ibid, Page 133 [3] Ibid, Page 135 [4] Ibid [5] Ibid, page 136 [6] Lettre de Voltaire a dAlembert, 26-XII en 1767 [7] Lettre de Voltaire a dAlembert, 26-VI en 1766 [8] Lettre de Voltaire a dAlembert, 26-VIII en 1766 [9] Page 155, Groethuysen [10] Ibid [11] [12] Letter page 158 [13] Page 161 [14] Philosophie de la Revolution Francaise, page 166 [15] Ibid, page 167 [16] Cahiers, I/393 Grasset, page 119 [17] Lettres Persanes, LXXXIII [18] Ibid CXXIX [19] De lespirit des lois, V/14 [20] Philosophie de la Revolution Francaise, page 128 [21] Philosophie de la Revolution Francaise, page 130 [22] Will and Circumstance, Norman Hampton, Page 24 [23] Will and Circumstance, Norman Hampton, Page 58 [24] Will and Circumstance, Norman Hampton, Page 60 [25] Ibid, page 61 [26] Ibid [27] Le dernier coup porte aux prejuges et a la superstition, London, 1789, page 348 [28] Despotisme des ministres de France, Amsterdam, 1789, 3rd Volume, Page 209 [29] Ibid, Page 243 [30] The Philosophes and the French Revolution, Some Reflections on recent research, Roland N. Stromberg, Page 323

Trapped in the Darkness Essay -- Papers

Trapped in the Darkness It's dark, indescribably dark. Usually there's moonlight, artificial light, starlight, something, but not here; there's nothing. I try to move, but I am restrained. I listen, but I hear nothing. I smell but I smell only something clinical. If it wasn't for my heart pounding and my lungs racing to catch up, I might imagine I am dreaming, but I'm not. I'm not! I fearfully reach out with my right hand and, afraid of what I might find, I try to resist the temptation to clench my fist. With each centimetre I stretch comes a new level of terror. I reach further and further, shivering in anticipation of what I might find. Shivering allows me to feel the clothes I'm wearing and bringing with it the frightening realisation that I'm not wearing the jeans and shirt I was last night. I'm dressed in something quite different. I bring my hand back, from its outward reach, to touch my waist: it feels like a jacket. I slide it up to my neck. I feel fabric: it's a bowtie. I'm in a suit. I rarely wear suits. Reluctantly I force my hand to resume its search for a clue to where I am. It's an unspeakable dread, not to know what I might find. I reach out my hand. Thud. It hits something. I hesitantly stroke the face of the object that it met. I reach out in another direction. Thud. And then I reach out in another. Thud. Increasingly alarmed by this feeling of being trapped I rub the surfaces with my hand, hoping they will yield some clue to my situation. I feel all around me, but it's futile. My sense of desperation mounts. Realising that senses alone won't help me I try to remember what I did last night. It was my bi... ...ain. There is a slight jolt and I'm stationary. Thank God! There's a low hum, like the hum of machinery, and I'm moving again, but not rocking this time. This time the movement seems quite linear, and as I begin to relaxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There is a roar, like the roar of a furnace which causes my heart to quicken, my lungs to race and my mind to panic. Tiring of this torture, I just want it to end. It's hot. My God it's hot! I begin to perspire; the air thins and I gasp for oxygen. My feet blaze, and suddenly I realise that this is no nightmare; this is no illusion. I scream in agony. Aware of the inferno approaching my feet, I start to convulse, fitting in a futile effort to break free from my constraint. Flames rupture the coffin that restrains me, and the foul smell of burning flesh is masked by the inevitability of death. Trapped in the Darkness Essay -- Papers Trapped in the Darkness It's dark, indescribably dark. Usually there's moonlight, artificial light, starlight, something, but not here; there's nothing. I try to move, but I am restrained. I listen, but I hear nothing. I smell but I smell only something clinical. If it wasn't for my heart pounding and my lungs racing to catch up, I might imagine I am dreaming, but I'm not. I'm not! I fearfully reach out with my right hand and, afraid of what I might find, I try to resist the temptation to clench my fist. With each centimetre I stretch comes a new level of terror. I reach further and further, shivering in anticipation of what I might find. Shivering allows me to feel the clothes I'm wearing and bringing with it the frightening realisation that I'm not wearing the jeans and shirt I was last night. I'm dressed in something quite different. I bring my hand back, from its outward reach, to touch my waist: it feels like a jacket. I slide it up to my neck. I feel fabric: it's a bowtie. I'm in a suit. I rarely wear suits. Reluctantly I force my hand to resume its search for a clue to where I am. It's an unspeakable dread, not to know what I might find. I reach out my hand. Thud. It hits something. I hesitantly stroke the face of the object that it met. I reach out in another direction. Thud. And then I reach out in another. Thud. Increasingly alarmed by this feeling of being trapped I rub the surfaces with my hand, hoping they will yield some clue to my situation. I feel all around me, but it's futile. My sense of desperation mounts. Realising that senses alone won't help me I try to remember what I did last night. It was my bi... ...ain. There is a slight jolt and I'm stationary. Thank God! There's a low hum, like the hum of machinery, and I'm moving again, but not rocking this time. This time the movement seems quite linear, and as I begin to relaxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There is a roar, like the roar of a furnace which causes my heart to quicken, my lungs to race and my mind to panic. Tiring of this torture, I just want it to end. It's hot. My God it's hot! I begin to perspire; the air thins and I gasp for oxygen. My feet blaze, and suddenly I realise that this is no nightmare; this is no illusion. I scream in agony. Aware of the inferno approaching my feet, I start to convulse, fitting in a futile effort to break free from my constraint. Flames rupture the coffin that restrains me, and the foul smell of burning flesh is masked by the inevitability of death.

Leadership :: essays research papers

are in an election year, and it is during such time candidates running for office love to discuss subjects that are in the public eye. The latest topic among candidates stumping for political office is the decline of the American family. Many candidates address different aspects of this issue, but few politicians offer real solutions. I believe it is not the role of the federal government to legislate solutions for the problem's families face within our country today. This responsibility belongs to individual men who should work to protect and strengthen their family. Steve Farrar’s book, Point Man, takes on the issue of male leadership and the importance it plays in the home. He tackles the issue from a Biblical perspective; offering insight from God’s word throughout his book. The author writes, â€Å"If hundreds of thousands of men seriously began to lead their own homes, the impact on America would be far greater than one Christian man leading in the White House.à ¢â‚¬  Steve Farrar takes a hard hitting approach from the very beginning the book by stressing the important role men play in the lives of their families. They are the â€Å"Point men," who must take up the lead and guide their families through the war zone; protecting them from the enemy. Farrar shows the casualty list is real by listing the most recent statistics for divorce, and teenage pregnancy. The emphasis in the second chapter deals with, â€Å"Saving the boys.† Today’s little boys will grow to be tomorrow’s leaders, and husbands. He identifies the importance of a man spending time with his children, by emphasizing the significance of physical and emotional support a child needs from a parent. The author quickly shifts from a mans relationship with his children to the one he shares with his wife. He writes about how commitment has become cheap in our society, and is only kept if it is convenient. Farrar contrasts this attitude with the Biblical truth of lifelong commitment. A â€Å"One-Woman Kind of Man,† remains faithful by always considering what his eyes see and mind thinks about. He deals directly with the seriousness of adultery, choosing not to tip-toe around the subject like society has chosen to do. While dealing with this topic the author provides valuable insights of how men can guard against the pitfall of this sin. The two key chapters of this book have to do with a mans personal relationship with God.

Electronic assignment coversheet Essay

Except where indicated, the work I am submitting in this assignment is my own work and has not been submitted for assessment in another unit. This submission complies with Murdoch University’s academic integrity commitments. I am aware that information about plagiarism and associated penalties can be found at http://www.murdoch.edu.au/teach/plagiarism/. If I  have any doubts or queries about this, I am further aware that I can contact my Unit Coordinator prior to submitting the assignment. I acknowledge that the assessor of this assignment may, for the purpose of assessing this assignment: reproduce this assignment and provide a copy to another academic staff member; and/or submit a copy of this assignment to a plagiarism-checking service. This web-based service may retain a copy of this work for the sole purpose of subsequent plagiarism checking, but has a legal agreement with the University that it will not share or reproduce it in any form. I have retained a copy of this assignment. I will retain a copy of the notification of receipt of this assignment. If you have not received a receipt within three days, please check with your Unit Coordinator. I am aware that I am making this declaration by submitting this document electronically and by using my Murdoch ID and password it is deemed equivalent to executing this declaration with my written signature. Optional Comments to Tutor: E.g. If this is a group assignment, list group members here MBS502 Trimester 1 2011/2012 Assignment problem In January 2008, three good friends, Joe, Moe, and Shmo retired from academia. Each is an expert in different areas of financial management, investment strategy and retirement planning. They decided to start a financial advisory service in uptown Boyup Brook. Joe contributed $100,000, Moe contributed $50,000 and Shmo contributed $200,000 to establish the service. They also borrow another $50,000 from Joe’s wife, Flo. The loan was to be repaid by giving her the first $10,000 of the profits made each year. It was also agreed that Flo would be the office manager on a salary of $45,000 per annum. They bought an appropriate building in Boyup Brook  and, with the money left over, they built an extension/granny flat in which Shmo lives. Joe, Moe and Shmo agreed that all major decisions relating to the management of the service would require all three to agree. The day to day management of the office was to be left to Flo. Boyup Brook has a large and growing population of retired farmers and public servants who are always concerned about the health of their retirement nest eggs. Joe, after discussions with Moe, Shmo and Flo, registered the business name, â€Å"The Money Doctors† because he believed they work with surgical precision when it comes to financial decision making. Business cards were duly printed and ties were designed with a pattern of dollar signs. In the recent past the following incidents occurred or were discovered. 1 Joe, Moe and Shmo had, earlier this year, discussed ways to improve the services they provided to clients. One of the key areas they identified was their computer system and internet access. They agreed that an investment of up to $10,000 was appropriate and affordable in the current financial climate. While on a recent visit to Perth, Shmo attended the Perth International Education Expo. While there he encountered an old friend from his academic career, Elmo, who was also retired and was now an agent for Educational Computer Operators (ECO). Shmo told Elmo all about his exciting life in Boyup Brook and about the service he operated with their mutual friends, Joe and Moe. The computer industry had, apparently, also been hard hit by the economic crisis and Shmo sensed that a bargain could be obtained. Shmo ordered 4 computers, a new server and a 24 month broadband satellite internet service. The total cost was $20,000. As part of the deal, for signing up at the Expo, Shmo was given $100 worth of Lotto tickets. As luck would have it, one of these tickets won a share of the first division prize of $1,000,000. When the computer system arrived with the invoice demanding immediate payment, Flo knew nothing about it and Shmo was unavailable as he was on holiday in the Bahamas. 2 The service had a client, Mrs. McTavish, the widow of a prosperous farmer. Always one for a safe investment, Mrs. McTavish only accepted advise relating to Blue Chip shares and investments and normally only dealt with Shmo. However, as a result of the recent world economic meltdown and the harrowing stories seen on a Current Affair on TV, Mrs. McTavish was growing  very concerned about the health of her investments and how to make up for capital losses. Moe, in Shmo’s absence, sensed an opportunity and recommended to Mrs. McTavish that she invest in a company called Southern Land Opportunities (SLO) and to finance this investment by selling $1,000,000 worth of Commonwealth Bank and Telstra shares. Mrs. McTavish had always allowed Shmo to take care of the details of selling and transferring money to the appropriate accounts and investments. This company, SLO, was one which Moe had established with his latest friend, Poe. It had no other share capital, no bank account and had not carried on any business. Within a week of the transaction, Moe had disappeared and no trace can be found of him or Mrs. McTavish’s money. Mrs. McTavish has already employed one of Perth’s biggest law firms and has brought an action against â€Å"The Money Doctors†. Using only Partnership Law as it exists in Western Australia, answer the following; 1 Is â€Å"The Money Doctors† a partnership, and if so, who are the partners? 2 Who is liable for the contract with ECO? 3 Who is liable to Mrs. McTavish? Question one, The Money Doctors is a partnership by the definition as this activity covered by all four parameters by the partnership as below and also according to following rule of Western Australian Law; â€Å"Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit†. Partnership Act (WA) 1895 S/7 (1) Also the four element of partnership has been carried out,  Agreement, as all parties agreed to, start a financial advisory service, pay certain amount as initial investment, purchase a building, lend money from a third party. As result there was a conducive agreement among the partners. Business being carried out, according to the mentioned cases the business being carried out and the case of Mrs. MC Tavish and her previous experiences and the made trust in time with Shmo is the strong evidence of having business carried out. In common, all the parties have agreed to make major decision together by having all parties opinion and also they have chosen a name, business card and USD sign on their ties for the partnership together based on common understanding. View of profit, in return of the lend money all parties agreed to pay $ 10,000 each from the profits which shows the partners had a view of profit. Question two, IRAC Issues, Whether all the partners were agreed to invest and improve the services provided to client by improving computer systems? Does Shmo have the authority to purchase $20K worth of computer equipment? How ECO dealt with Shmo? Were there enough evidences of apparent authority from ECO to accept the deal? Whether if all the partners are liable to pay against Shmo’s commitment? Rule of law, â€Å"Every partner is jointly liable for any breach of contract – only one right of action against all the partners.† (Partnership Act 1895) [S16] WA â€Å"The case of Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd† [1971] 2 QB 711 By deification and based on four elements of partnership it is clear there is a partnership and according to above mentioned law (Partnership Act 1895) [S16] WA Shmu has the apparent authority to act on behalf of the firm. The case of [1971] 2 QB 711 court has held as the secretory had apparent authority to act on behalf of the company so the company is liable against the made commitment. Application, As Shmo was acting on behalf of all parties carrying the business cards and wearing the tie with company logo he was having apparent authority to act on behalf of the firm even though the partners agreed to certain level of investment it doesn’t concern the second parties and the made commitments. The rules of Law which needed to be considered in this case is section 16 of Western Australian low â€Å"Every partner is jointly liable for any breach of contract – only one right of action against all the partners.† (Partnership Act 1895) [S16] WA. The case is very similar to The case of â€Å"Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd† [1971] (2 QB 711) which the secretory hired a luxury car for personal use and court held that the company is liable to pay for the rented car as the secretory had apparent authority using company facilities and previous experiences. Conclusion, Due to the apparent authority law â€Å"Every partner is jointly liable for any breach of contract – only one right of action against all the partners† (Partnership Act 1895) [S16] WA. And the case of â€Å"Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd† [1971] (2 QB 711 The Money Doctor has to pay for Shimo commitments as he had the apparent authority against to supplier and ordered consignment regardless of even Shmu has act over the internal agreement within the partners. Question three, IRAC, Issues, What are the firm responsibilities as Financial Advisory firm? Is the firm as Financial Advisory has the right to act and to accept money from the clients and transfer the fund? Is the established relationship between Mrs. McTavish and Shmu is based on firm responsibilities and authorities or just been made in time due to personal relationship and successful experiences. Whether if Mrs. McTavish knows Moe is involved with the SLO? Is there any evidence to prove how the transaction took place? Cash or bank to bank. As the SLO has no bank account why McTavish should trust to transfer such amount of money to unknown account? If McTavish gave the money to Moe in cash whether she knows Moe is acting beyond his apparent and actual authority? Rules of law, There are different factors to be considered in this case, As a Financial advisor Money Doctors should not accept cash and additional to that Moe had breach the contract and abused McTavish trust for the sake of personal ambitions. Therefore in this case below rules of law has to be considered, Where any money or property of a third person is received by one partner, acting within the scope of his real or apparent authority in the partnership affairs, and is misapplied by that partner, and where any money or property of a third person, being as such in the custody of the firm, is misapplied by any partner, the firm shall be liable to make good the loss. (Partnership Act 1895) [Section 18.1] WA Where by any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the firm, or with the authority of his copartners, loss or injury is caused to any person not being a partner in the firm, or any penalty is incurred, the firm is liable therefor to the same extent as the partner so acting or omitting to act. (Partnership Act 1895) [Section17.1] WA Application, According to Western Australia, Partnership Act law 1895, and Section17/1 if money or property is received by a partner in the scope of the real or apparent authority and misapplied the firm is liable to make good the loss. And Section 18/1if by any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the firm, or with the authority of his copartners, loss or injury is caused to any person not being a partner in the firm, or any penalty is incurred, the firm is liable. In this case partners were agreed to establish a financial advisory service to the clients and in the case of Mrs. McTavish she was allowing the Shmu to make the transactions on her behalf which is outside the authority of Financial Advisor. Based on the made trust Mrs. McTavish decided to act the same with Moe which no level of trust been made with Moe and Mrs. McTavish therefore more information is required to make sure if Mrs. McTavish knew Moe is acting beyond his authority otherwise the rules of law (Partnership Act 1895) [S18.A] WA is applicable. Based on Agency law â€Å"If agent acts outside his/her actual and apparent authority s/he may be liable to both TP and PR† According on the given information the SLO company has no bank account therefore there is no way for Mrs. McTavish to transfer the money to bank account so the only possible way is for Moe to take the cash by himself and  transfer the money to another account. There are not enough information and evidences if Mrs. McTavish knew Moe is acting beyond his authority to refer the case to agency law as laws of Agency Law and Partnership Law can be applied in both fields. Therefore based on the actual given information and Partnership law â€Å"Partnership Act 1895) [Section 18.A] WA† and Partnership Act 1895 [Section17.1] WA is applicable. Conclusion, If there were enough evidences that Mrs. McTavish did not know that Moe is acting beyond the actual or apparent authority Moe solely would be liable to Mrs. McTavish as accepting money for the transaction was out of his apparent and actual authority but there are not enough evidences therefore the firm is liable to Mrs. McTavish according to abve mentioned rules of law. References, Partnership Law (WA) : Australasian Legal Information Institute http://www.austlii.com PARTNERSHIP ACT 1895 PARTNERSHIP ACT 1895 http://www.austlii.com/au/legis/wa/consol_act//pa1895154/ The case of Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd† [1971] 2 QB 711 PARTNERSHIP ACT 1895 – SECT 16 16 . Liability of partners http://www.austlii.com/au/legis/wa/consol_act//pa1895154/s16.html (Partnership Act 1895) [Section17.1] WA PARTNERSHIP ACT 1895 – SECT 17 17 . Liability of firm for wrongs http://www.austlii.com/au/legis/wa/consol_act//pa1895154/s17.html PARTNERSHIP ACT 1895 – SECT 18 18 . Misapplication of money or property http://www.austlii.com/au/legis/wa/consol_act//pa1895154/s18.html